# decision analysis in statistics

• decision analysis in statistics已关闭评论
• A+

As these two definitions indicate, the discipline of statistics has moved from being grounded firmly in the world of measurement and scientific analysis into the world of exploration, comprehension and decision-making. The cost of preparing the bid is $\$ 200,000$. Using the original probability assessments, determine how this change would affect the optimal decision. Martin can purchase either a snowplow blade attachment for the station's pick-up truck or a new heavy-duty snowplow truck. The worst-case scenario corresponds to a situation in which tourism drops significantly; the base-case scenario corresponds to a situation in which Lake Placid continues to attract visitors at current levels; and the best-case scenario corresponds to a significant increase in tourism. This initial part of the report introduces the basic elements in (statistical) decision theory and reviews some of the basic concepts of both frequentist statistics and Bayesian analysis. Management must decide between a full price service using the company's new fleet of jet aircraft and a discount service using smaller capacity commuter planes. Probabilities are as follows.$$\begin{array}{rl}\text { Let } \quad H & =\text { high resistance to rezoning } \\& L=\text { low resistance to rezoning } \\P(H)=.55 & P\left(s_{1} | H\right)=.18 \quad P\left(s_{2} | H\right)=.82 \\P(L)=.45 & P\left(s_{1} | L\right)=.89 \quad P\left(s_{2} | L\right)=.11\end{array}$$What is the optimal decision strategy if the investor uses the option period to learn more about the resistance from area residents before making the purchase decision?c. In the given manual we consider the simplest kind of decision trees, described above. If the market research study is conducted, the outcome will either be favorable$(F)$or unfavorable$(U) .$Assume there are only two decision alternatives$d_{1}$and$d_{2}$and two states of nature$s_{1}$and$s_{2}$. Management developed estimates of the contribution to profit for each type of service based upon two possible levels of demand for service to Myrtle Beach: strong and weak. Other members of the management team expect the Chardonnay market to become saturated at some point in the future, causing a fall in prices. Training and development opportunities. decision theoretic methods lend themselves to a variety of applications and computational and analytic advances. In decision analysis, we re- fer to the consequence resulting from a specific combination of a decision alternative and a state of nature as a payoff. Studying Statistics. If they only plant Riesling grapes, the annual profit projection is$\$25,000$ if demand is weak for Riesling grapes and $\$ 45,000$if demand is strong for Riesling grapes. A consultant developed the following projections of net cash flow (in thousands of dollars) for a five-year planning horizon. Under the option, the investor maintains the rights to purchase the land anytime during the next three months while learning more about possible resistance to the rezoning proposal from area residents. It is a highly effective, business-oriented means … Suppose that the probability of strong demand is .8 and the probability of weak demand is .2. In the simplest situation, a decision maker must choose the best decision from a finite set … What is the decision to be made, what is the chance event, and what is the consequence for this problem? Create a model structure. What is the decision to be made, what is the chance event, and what is the consequence?b. Suppose that the decision maker obtains the probabilities$P\left(s_{1}\right)=.65, P\left(s_{2}\right)=.15$and$P\left(s_{3}\right)=.20 .$Use the expected value approach to determine the optimal decision. Decision Making And Bayesian Analysis In Honor Of James O Berger Frontiers Of Statistical Decision Making And Bayesian Analysis In Honor Of James O Berger When somebody should go to the books stores, search creation by shop, shelf by shelf, it is in point of fact problematic. What is Gorman's optimal decision strategy?e. The primary goal of the academic platform is to support all the staff and postgraduate students with their research, as well as to assist external public bodies and private companies on a commercial basis. Seneca Hill Winery recently purchased land for the purpose of establishing a new vineyard. Another candidate for new development is Diagnostic Research, Inc. (DRI), a leading producer of medical testing equipment. a. Verify Dante's profit projections shown at the ending branches of the decision tree by calculating the payoffs of$\$2,650,000$ and $\$ 650,000$for first two outcomes.b. If the runway expansion project is not conducted and DRI does not locate in Potsdam, the annual revenue will be$\$0$ since no cost will have been incurred and no revenues will be forthcoming.a. Time series analysis helps in analyzing the past, which comes in handy to forecast the future. What effect, if any, would these changes have on the decision recommendation?d. Use the expected value approach to determine the optimal solution.b. The method is extensively employed in a financial and business forecast based on the historical pattern of data points collected over time and comparing it with the current trends. This length of time creates a great deal of uncertainty concerning future demand and makes the decision concerning the type of grapes to plant difficult. At the time, decision analysis was still an experimental management technique, a fairly straightforward application of statistical decision theory. A real estate investor has the opportunity to purchase land currently zoned residential. Statistics can also verify whether the decision made was, after all, a good one. What is the expected value of the agency's information?f. What decision should Lake Placid make using the expected value approach?b. What is the optimal decision strategy for Dante, and what is the expected profit for this project?c. A Decision Tree Analysis is a graphic representation of various alternative solutions that are available to solve a problem. Decision Analysis: Making Justifiable, Defensible Decisions Decision analysis is the discipline of evaluating complex alternatives in terms of values and uncertainty. Expertise. All of these positions involve some form of data analysis and information transformation, which in turn, helps support key decision-making for organizations that seek competitive success. What is the expected annual cost associated with your recommendation?b. Real-life decision analysis is a complex exercise, and usually requires the deployment of various mathematical models and statistical techniques. Values are generally expressed monetarily because this is a major concern for management. This initial part of the report introduces the basic elements in (statistical) decision theory and reviews some of the basic concepts of both frequentist statistics and Bayesian analysis. There are, however, more complex kinds of trees, in which each internal node corresponds to more Node 4 is a chance node showing the possible outcomes of the market research study. Assessments of the probabilities associated with a normal ( $N$ ) or unseasonably cold September are as follows:a. Construct a decision tree for this problem.b. This blog will detail how to create a simple predictive model using a CHAID analysis and how to interpret the decision tree results. Corrections? One concrete, personal experience that demonstrates the role of statistics in decision making happened several years ago. Increasing the length of the runway is not a requirement for DRI, but the planning commission feels that doing so will help convince DRI to locate their new plant in Potsdam.Assuming that the town lengthens the runway, the Potsdam planning commission believes that the probabilities shown in the following table are applicable.$\begin{array}{lcc} & \text { DRI Plant } & \text { No DRI Plant } \\ \text { Air Express Center } & .30 & .10 \\ \text { No Air Express Center } & .40 & .20\end{array}$For instance, the probability that Air Express will establish a distribution center and DRI will build a plant is .30. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). What is the expected value of the market research information? What is the optimal decision using the expected value approach? Example Decision-Making Situation Aided by t-test. Decision analysis is a rational approach to decision making for problems where uncertainty f igures as a prominent element. within statistics, decision analysis and operational research. Tag Archive for: decision tree analysis in statistics Decision Tree Analysis Technique and Example Kathy , February 6, 2018 December 16, 2019 , Risk Management , 0 Compute the expected annual revenue associated with the decision alternative to lengthen the runway.c. $\quad$ Construct a decision tree for this problem.b. The cost of this study is $\$ 150,000$. Decision analysis is a rational approach to decision making for problems where uncertainty f igures as a prominent element. The mean is useful in determining the overall trend of a data set or providing a rapid snapshot of your data. https://www.britannica.com/science/decision-theory-statistics, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - Decision Theory. If the prior probabilities for the three states of nature are$.3, .3,$and$.4,$respectively, what is the recommended order quantity?b. For undergraduate and graduate level courses that combines introductory statistics with data analysis or decision modeling.. A pragmatic approach to statistics, data analysis and decision modeling. The Importance of Statistics in Management Decision Making. Stats 2.0 is a free easy-to-use statistical software for marketing researchers. Decision tree analysis is an important strategy for project managers to learn and utilize. The Chardonnay grapes would be used to produce a dry Chardonnay wine, and the Riesling grapes would be used to produce a semi-dry Riesling wine. Suppose that the probabilities associated with lengthening the runway were as follows:$\begin{array}{lcc} & \text { DRI Plant } & \text { No DRI Plant } \\ \text { Air Express Center } & .40 & .10 \\ \text { No Air Express Center } & .30 & .20\end{array}$What effect, if any, would this change in the probabilities have on the recommended decision? Seneca management decided that for planning purposes it would be adequate to consider only two demand possibilities for each type of wine: strong or weak. After you’ve collected the right data to answer your question from Step 1, it’s time for … Assume that the agency review will result in a favorable$(F)$or an unfavorable$(U)$review and that the following probabilities are relevant.$$\begin{array}{lll}P(F)=.69 & P\left(s_{1} | F\right)=.09 & P\left(s_{1} | U\right)=.45 \\P(U)=.31 & P\left(s_{2} | F\right)=.26 & P\left(s_{2} | U\right)=.39\end{array}$$$$P\left(s_{3} | F\right)=.65 \quad P\left(s_{3} | U\right)=.16$$a. In addition, they agreed that weather seemed to affect the traffic conditions on the expressway. Figure 21.9 shows the decision tree prepared by one of Dante's analysts. What is the expected profit?b. The consultant has provided probability assessments of$.10, .60,$and .30 for the worst-case, base-case, and best-case scenarios, respectively. What is the expected value of this decision strategy? Some believe it is likely for Riesling demand to also be strong in this case. It features visual classification and decision trees to help you present categorical results and more clearly explain analysis to non-technical audiences. The payoff table showing profit is as follows:$$\begin{array}{ccc} & {\text { State of Nature }} \\\text { Decision Alternative } & s_{1} & s_{2} \\d_{1} & 100 & 300 \\d_{2} & 400 & 200\end{array}$$a. The estimated annual revenue to the town, after deducting the cost of lengthening the runway, is as follows:$$\begin{array}{lcr} & \text { DRI Plant } & \text { No DRI Plant } \\\text { Air Express Center } & \ 600,000 & \ 150,000 \\\text { No Air Express Center } & \ 250,000 & -\ 200,000\end{array}$$If the runway expansion project is not conducted, the planning commission assesses the probability DRI will locate their new plant in Potsdam at .6; in this case, the estimated annual revenue to the town will be$\$450,000$. Compute EVPI and EVSI. Each branch of the decision tree … Lawson's Department Store faces a buying decision for a seasonal product for which demand can be high, medium, or low. Today, we are going to discuss the importance of decision tree analysis in statistics and project management by the help of decision tree example problems and solutions. The bedrock of decision analysis was formed by the eighteenth-century work of the Reverend Thomas Bayes, Myrtle Air Express decided to offer direct service from Cleveland to Myrtle Beach. Dante Development Corporation is considering bidding on a contract for a new office building complex. To provide structure for the decision process, the council narrowed the building alternatives to three sizes: small, medium, and large. This is often based on the development of quantitative measurements of opportunity and risk. Decision Scientists: Data is the Tool to Make Decisions. If the company wins the bid, it will have to pay $\$ 2,000,000$to become a partner in the project. But Air Express will not establish the center unless the length of the runway at the local airport is increased. What is the expected value?c. Martin's Service Station is considering entering the snowplowing business for the coming winter season. What is the optimal decision?b. How many decision alternatives are there? Decision analysis (DA) is a systematic, quantitative, and visual approach to addressing and evaluating the important choices that businesses sometimes face. If the county board approves a request to rezone the property as commercial within the next year, the investor will be able to lease the land to a large discount firm that wants to open a new store on the property. Business owners face many situations with outcomes that seem unpredictable. In the simplest situation, a decision maker must choose the best decision from a finite set of alternatives when there are two or more possible…, …been used extensively in statistical decision theory (see below Decision analysis). The arithmetic mean, more commonly known as “the average,” is the sum of a list of numbers divided by the number of items on the list. Time Series Analysis for Data-driven Decision-Making. The distance from Potsdam to larger markets and limited air service have hindered the town in attracting new industry. Compute the expected annual revenue associated with the decision alternative to not lengthen the runway.d. Use the following probabilities. In this context, Bayes’s theorem provides a mechanism for combining a prior probability distribution for the states of nature with sample information to provide a revised (posterior) probability distribution about the states of nature. The annual cost of each option (in thousands of dollars) depends on demand as follows.a. However, avoiding the common pitfalls associated with each method is just as important. They have a statistics lens to everything they do. Smaller profits would result if the snowfall is moderate, and losses would result if the snowfall is light. Statistician John Tukey, defined data analysis in 1961, as: At node$1,$the company must decide whether to bid on the contract. If Seneca plants both types of grapes, the annual profit projections are shown in the following table.$$\begin{array}{ccc} & {\text { Riesling Demand }} \\\text { Chardonnay Demand } & \text { Weak } & \text { Strong } \\\text { Weak } & \ 22,000 & \ 40,000 \\\text { Strong } & \ 26,000 & \ 60,000\end{array}$$a. In applying statistics to a scientific, industrial, or social problem, it is conventional to begin with a statistical population or a statistical model to be studied. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership. decision analysis tools are used in the decision-making process. Decision Analysis, by contrast to inferential statistics, can be described as the use of a combined set of tools from different disciplines, with the intent of helping managers to analyze multistage decisions that must be made in an uncertain environment. While there is no hard and fast rule on the best model structure, decision trees, influence diagrams, and payoff matricesfind common use. Thus, the ideal of decision theory is to make choices rational by reducing them to a kind of routine calculation. The following payoff table shows the projected profit (in thousands of dollars).The state-of-nature probabilities are$P\left(s_{1}\right)=.35, P\left(s_{2}\right)=.35,$and$P\left(s_{3}\right)=.30$a. Decision Analysis, by contrast to inferential statistics, can be described as the use of a combined set of tools from different disciplines, with the intent of helping managers to analyze multistage decisions that must be made in an uncertain environment. An optimal decision, following the logic of the theory, is one that maximizes the expected utility. The following table shows the estimated quarterly profits (in thousands of dollars).a. The term “ decision analysis ” (DA) is typically used to denote the activities of “rational” decision in the face of uncertainty. EDA is an analysis approach that focuses on identifying general patterns in the data and to find previously unknown relationships. Consider a variation of the PDC decision tree shown in Figure 21.5. The Gorman Manufacturing Company must decide whether to manufacture a component part at its Milan, Michigan, plant or purchase the component part from a supplier. Although decision trees are most likely used for analyzing decisions, it can also be applied to risk analysis, cost analysis, probabilities, marketing strategies and other financial analysis. The purpose of decision trees is to model a series of events and look at how it affects an outcome. Profits (in thousands of dollars) are shown in the following payoff table.a. What is the recommended decision? At each preseason sales meeting, the vice president of sales provides a personal opinion regarding potential demand for this product. Use EVPI to determine whether Gorman should attempt to obtain a better estimate of demand.c. You might wonder … The investor can purchase an option to buy the land. The following payoff table provides the one-way time estimate in minutes for traveling to and from work.Based on their experience with traffic problems, Rona and Jerry agreed on a .15 probability that the expressway would be jammed. The decision to build the complex will result in an income of$\$5,000,000$ if demand is high and $\$ 3,000,000$if demand is moderate. Decision trees, which are considered in a regression analysis problem, are called regression trees. To save on expenses, Rona and Jerry agreed to form a carpool for traveling to and from work. A test market study of the potential demand for the product is expected to report either a favorable$(F)$or unfavorable$(U)\$ condition. Discuss whether the firm should consider a consulting expert who could provide independent forecasts of market conditions for the product. decision theoretic methods lend themselves to a variety of applications and computational and analytic advances. The company must first decide whether to undertake the market research study. The network may decide to reject the series, but it may also decide to purchase the rights to the series for either one or two years. What would the cost of the market research study have to be before Dante would change its decision about conducting the study? Decision theory, in statistics, a set of quantitative methods for reaching optimal decisions. This demand for data analysts presents new and exciting career opportunities. The Mechanics of Analysis. A solvable decision problem must be capable of being tightly formulated in terms of initial conditions and choices or courses of action, with their consequences.

• 暖阳心理客服微信
• 微信扫一扫即可添加，欢迎填加咨询
• 暖阳心理工作室官方公众号
• 我的微信公众号扫一扫